One-time external welding of pipes involves a single, permanent weld performed on the outside of the pipe to join two sections or to repair a damaged segment, typically using methods such as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), or gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The process begins with proper preparation, including cleaning and aligning the pipe ends, followed by securing the pipes in position. The welder then applies the chosen welding technique to create a strong,

What are the Mechanical Testing Methods for Vascular Stents?