I built a charcoal retort using clay to mimic the Hookway design, aiming to produce high-quality charcoal with only primitive materials. While the clay pipe produced excellent charcoal where it ...

Indirect kiln. PHOTO: FEECO International. Canada, like many other nations, faces increasing pressure to establish a reliable supply of critical minerals, from nickel and lithium to graphite and rare ...

Abstract: The inherent complexity of physical and chemical reactions within the rotary kiln poses a challenge for traditional mechanism models in effectively characterizing the dynamic kiln process.