If you can find a way to turn an independent variable cost into a dependent variable cost, more power to you. Your business might be able to count itself as one of the successful ones.

This “potentially causal variable” is called, traditionally, the “independent variable.” With the current example, that would be the coffee.

For example, a significant correlation between the independent and dependent variable does not necessarily indicate a cause and effect relationship.

The purpose of The Annals of Probability is to publish contributions to the theory of probability and statistics and their applications. The emphasis is on importance and interest; formal novelty and ...

This paper makes explicit and takes issue with the bizarre view, which is unfortunately prevalent among social scientists, that causal relations are features of models only. There are some good ...