Nature

Enhanced PID controller tuning for nonlinear continuous stirred-tank heaters using a modified Newton-Raphson optimizer with random opposition and Lévy-flight learning

Accurate temperature regulation in continuous stirred-tank heater (CSTH) systems is vital in chemical and thermal process industries, where deviations can cause energy inefficiencies, product quality ...
Nature

Criteria maximization for water as well as fertilizer management system using neural network and hybrid PID control

Manual fertilization is still used to grow rice, wheat, and maize. Chemical fertilizers come from fertilizer waste and environmental impacts. PID control, which stands for proportional integral ...