In ecological systems, species are organized into distinct trophic levels, defined by their feeding relationships and physiological characteristics. These species interact in various complex ways, and ...

Migrator ypredators may link the evolution of distant species, carrying learned fear toward prey that never actually meet.

Predator–prey interactions underpin the structure and function of freshwater and marine communities by regulating population sizes, driving species coexistence and shaping energy flows. Top-down ...

Adaptation is essential for survival. Across species, it occurs over many generations through evolution and natural selection. Individual animals, however, can also adapt within their own ...

More than 350,000 chemicals are used worldwide, and many find their way into the ocean through plastic pollution. As plastics accumulate in coastal waters, they continuously leach bioactive additives ...