Major processes in semiconductor wafer fabrication: 1) wafer preparation, 2) pattern transfer, 3) doping, 4) deposition, 5) etching, and 6) packaging. The process of creating semiconductors can be ...

Pharmaceutical manufacturing steps are often isolated in space and time. The synthesis, isolation and purification of the drug substance (DS) and the formulation of the drug product (DP) may be ...

Across the full range of semiconductor device types and design nodes, there is a drive to produce chips with significantly higher quality. Automotive, IoT and other industrial applications require ...

Single-use systems streamline CGT manufacturing by reducing cleaning validation and enabling quick changeovers, essential for ...