Addiction is one of the most intensely studied conditions in modern medicine, yet even with high‑resolution brain scans and ...

There is absolutely no way to examine this entire question, and I’ve written about this extensively in previous articles (HERE and HERE for example). But drawing on the biological theories of ...

For more than a century, scientists have wondered why physical structures like blood vessels, neurons, tree branches, and ...

There are many theories about the causes of addiction, the use and abuse of legal and illegal psychoactive substances. Biology, psychology, and social and cultural elements all play a role in the ...